Introduction Degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR), characterized by the structural deterioration of the mitral valve apparatus, is a common valvular heart disease in elderly populations. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), a minimally invasive procedure for aortic stenosis (AS), is increasingly considered for patients with

Introduction Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a severe parasitic disease caused by Leishmania species and transmitted by sandflies. The disease predominantly affects the poorest regions, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Understanding its global distribution and predicting transmission risks are critical for effe